Glossary and Conversion Factors

Acknowledgment:
This guide is adapted from the Coffee Industry Corporation (CIC) PNG Coffee Handbook 2016. We have simplified the content for easier understanding by farmers.

GLOSSARY

  1. Anion – An ion with a negative charge (e.g., Cl, SO₄²).
  2. Apical dominance – Influence of the terminal bud in suppressing growth of lateral buds.
  3. Auger (boring) – Instrument for boring into soil.
  4. Biuret (damage) – Compound formed during urea manufacture, toxic to plants, especially on foliage.
  5. Breather (lung branch) – See lung branch.
  6. Butterfly stage – Seedling stage when cotyledons have expanded prior to first true leaves.
  7. Cambium – Cellular tissue from which xylem and phloem grow.
  8. Capping – Removal of the terminal portion of an orthotropic shoot.
  9. Cation – An ion with a positive charge (e.g., Mg², Na).
  10. CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) – Total exchangeable cations soil can adsorb; indicates retention against leaching.
  11. Chlorosis – Yellowing of plant tissue.
  12. Constrict – To narrow or contract.
  13. Contact pesticide – Pesticide acting upon direct contact with the pest.
  14. Crinkle leaf – Leaf distortion due to environmental or nutrient issues.
  15. Cull – To select and remove surplus or inferior individuals.
  16. Culvert – Channel carrying water across/under a road.
  17. Defoliate – Remove leaves from a tree.
  18. Diurnal – Occurring daily.
  19. ECEC (Effective Cation Exchange Capacity) – Sum of exchangeable cations plus exchangeable acidity (Ca² + Mg² + Na + K + H + Al³).
  20. Exudates – Materials that ooze from plant cells.
  21. Foliar feed – Liquid fertiliser applied to leaves via sprayer.
  22. Friable – Easily crumbled.
  23. Gley soil – Poorly drained soil showing grey colours and mottles due to iron reduction.
  24. Halo – Circle around a body.
  25. Hull – Remove the outer skin (parchment) of a fruit.
  26. Hypocotyl – Part of seedling between cotyledons and radicle; elongates to bring cotyledons above soil.
  27. Infills – Seedlings used to replace dead ones.
  28. Inoculum – Pathogen causing disease (e.g., fungal spores).
  29. Ironpan – Indurated soil horizon cemented by iron oxide.
  30. Kink – Short backward twist in a root that may cause breakage.
  31. Lapse rate – Rate of temperature decrease with altitude.
  32. Lung (branch) – Main stem with only one primary branch; other heads removed during stumping.
  33. Matrix – Major soil colour excluding mottles.
  34. me % (Milliequivalent percent) – Concentration of cations in soil.
  35. Mottle (soil) – Spot of contrasting colour indicating alternating aeration zones.
  36. MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) – Formal agreement.
  37. Mycelium – Mass of fungal hyphae.
  38. Necrotic – Dead tissue.
  39. Orthotropic – Growing vertically (stems) or downwards (roots).
  40. Parchment – Dried coffee retaining outer seed coat.
  41. Pathogen – Disease-causing agent.
  42. Parthenogenic – Reproduction without fertilization.
  43. Peat – Unconsolidated organic soil material from excessive moisture accumulation.
  44. Pedestal (soil) – Column of soil left by surrounding erosion.
  45. Petiole – Leaf stalk.
  46. Phloem – Soft plant vascular tissue transporting photosynthates to fruits.
  47. Plagiotropic – Growing horizontally or obliquely (e.g., lateral roots or branches).
  48. P-retention – Conversion of phosphate ions into insoluble forms.
  49. Proprietary – Article or chemical restricted by patent.
  50. Pustule – Eruptive spot containing fungal spores.
  51. Rejuvenate (coffee) – Remove old bearing heads to produce new suckers.
  52. Rhizomorphs – Branched fungal threads forming cord-like networks.
  53. Rill – Small intermittent water course with steep sides.
  54. Shothole – Localised leaf lesion causing dead tissue to fall.
  55. Soil fertility – Soil’s nutrient status and availability for plant growth.
  56. Soldier stage – Seedling stage when cotyledons, still in seed coat, emerge above ground.
  57. Surrogate – Substitute.
  58. Synergistic – Combined effect exceeding sum of individual effects.
  59. Systemic pesticide – Pesticide absorbed and transported throughout plant.
  60. Tilth – Depth and quality of soil affected by cultivation.
  61. Turgid – Swollen or inflated.
  62. Uredospores – Reproductive spores of rust fungi.
  63. Xylem – Hard plant vascular tissue transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves.

CONVERSION FACTORS

Length

  1. Inches → Centimetres: × 2.54
  2. Feet → Metres: × 0.3048
  3. Yards → Metres: × 0.9144
  4. Miles → Kilometres: × 1.609

Volume (Cubic Measure)

  1. Cubic inches → Cubic centimetres: × 16.39
  2. Cubic feet → Cubic metres: × 0.02832
  3. Cubic yards → Cubic metres: × 0.7646

Volume (Liquid Measure)

  1. Fluid ounces → Millilitres: × 28.35
  2. Pints → Litres: × 0.5683
  3. Imperial gallons → Litres: × 4.5460
  4. U.S. gallons → Litres: × 3.7854

Mass

  1. Ounces → Grams: × 28.35
  2. Pounds → Kilograms: × 0.4536
  3. Hundredweights → Kilograms: × 50.8020
  4. Tons → Tonnes: × 1.0160

Area

  1. Square inches → Square centimetres: × 6.4516
  2. Square feet → Square metres: × 0.0920
  3. Acres → Hectares: × 0.4047

Pressure

  1. Pounds/square inch → Kg/cm²: × 0.0703
  2. Pounds/square inch → Bars: × 0.0689
  3. Pounds/square inch → Atmosphere: × 0.068
  4. Pounds/square inch → Kilopascals: × 6.89

Velocity

  1. Feet/second → Metres/second: × 0.305
  2. Feet/minute → Metres/second: × 0.00508
  3. Miles/hour → Kilometres/hour: × 1.609

Quantities per Area

  1. Pounds/acre → Kg/ha: × 1.12
  2. Ounces/sq yard → Hundredweights/acre: × 2.7
  3. Imperial gallons/acre → Litres/hectare: × 11.233
  4. Fluid ounces/imperial gallon → mL/L: × 6.25
  5. Fluid ounces/acre → mL/ha: × 70.05
  6. Ounces/acre → Grams/ha: × 70.05
  7. Hundredweights/acre → Kg/ha: × 125.54
  8. Pounds/imperial gallon → Kg/L: × 0.998

Dilutions

  1. Pints/100 imperial gallons → mL/100 L: × 125.0
  2. Ounces/imperial gallon → g/L: × 6.24

Plant Nutrients (Oxide → Elemental)

  1. P₂O₅ → P: × 0.437
  2. K₂O → K: × 0.830
  3. CaO → Ca: × 0.715
  4. MgO → Mg: × 0.602

Slope

  1. 1:1 → 100% → 45°
  2. 1:2 → 50% → 27°
  3. 1:3 → 33% → 18°
  4. 1:4 → 25% → 14°
  5. 1:5 → 20% → 11°
  6. 1:6 → 17% → 10°
  7. 1:7 → 14.5% → 8°
  8. 1:8 → 12.5% → 7°
  9. 1:10 → 10% → 5.5°

 

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